What types of evaporation sources can be used for evaporation coating

What types of evaporation sources can be used for evaporation coating
In the coating industry, evaporation can be used to realize film deposition. In this thin-film deposition method, the source material for deposition is vaporized in a vacuum, allowing the vapor particles to move freely to the surface of the substrate. Upon reaching the substrate, the evaporating material settles and condenses back into a solid-state, forming a film on the substrate.
Types of different evaporation sources
Materials used to make evaporation sources usually have high melting points and low vapor pressures.
The filament
The filament is made of high melting point metals such as tungsten, molybdenum, and tantalum. The evaporating material is hung or placed on the filament, and a large electric current is passed through the filament containing the evaporating material in a vacuum. The materials are heated to their melting point and eventually vaporized.
crucible
Crucible for evaporating thin film deposition is made of high-temperature resistant materials including tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, and high-temperature resistant aluminum oxide, graphite, or boron nitride. Often, manufacturers need to choose different crucible depending on the material to be vaporized.
The evaporation boat
The evaporation boat is the best thermal evaporation source for the vacuum evaporation of aluminum materials. Usually, the boat evaporation source is made of tungsten material, evaporation boat is also made of conductive high-performance ceramic composite materials, the main raw materials used are boron nitride and titanium diboride, the evaporation surface can be slotted or laser surface etching, its reliable performance, accurate evaporation rate, and long service life.

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